Idiopathic (primary) hyperhidrosis is defined as an excessive sweating with no clear cause and usually results in social, psychological, and professional disturbances.In this study, TAP WATER and normal saline IONTOPHORESIS were used in a 21-year-old female suffering from severe idiopathic palmoplantar hyperhidrosis. The result of 8 sessions IONTOPHORESIS showed that TAP WATER and normal saline IONTOPHORESIS are effective in treatment of idiopathic hyperhidrosis. However, in contrast with other studies, normal saline IONTOPHORESIS was twice more effective than TAP WATER iontophores. Quality of life of the patient was improved.

Background: Focal hyperhidrosis is not rare, affecting nearly 3% of the population. This condition is often socially and professionally debilitating, leading to significant quality of life impairment. Hence, its treatment is an issue of importance. To determine the comparative efficacy of TAP WATER IONTOPHORESIS to IONTOPHORESIS with atropine.Materials and Methods: We undertook a single-blinded right-left clinical trial in 16 patients with palmoplantar hyperhidrosis attending to dermatology clinic of Loqman Hospital during 2006. We compared the efficacy and the duration of symptom relief following IONTOPHORESIS with atropine to IONTOPHORESIS with TAP WATER according to both objective (Iodine Test) and subjective (patients' judgment) criteria.Results: therapeutic efficacy was 81.25% after 5 weeks and 100% after 10 weeks of IONTOPHORESIS. Following treatment with TAP WATER IONTOPHORESIS and atropine IONTOPHORESIS, patients reported similar improvement in two hands. Atropine IONTOPHORESIS was superior to TAP WATER only after five sessions; however it was not statistically significant (P> 0.05).Conclusion: We postulate that the similar efficacy of atropine IONTOPHORESIS when compared with TAP WATER IONTOPHORESIS relates to mechanism of action of IONTOPHORESIS which is not affected by atropine, additionally.

Background and Aims: Primary Hyperhidrosis (PHH) is a functional disorder of idiopathic etiology caused by overstimulation of the sympathetic nervous system stimulating the sweat glands. In the recent years, many studies have evaluated the effectiveness of the palmar hyperhidrosis; one of these methods is the use of pulsed direct current which has been of interest to researchers due to its effect on prevention and reduction of the risk of burns and electrical shock, polarity, and discomfort. The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy and long-lasting effect of TAP WATER IONTOPHORESIS in continous direct and pulsed direct currents on primary hyperhidrosis of hand.Materials and Method: A total of 20 participants, aged 18-45, volunteerd and were diagnosed with the primary palmar hyperhidrosis. Participants were randomly assigned into two intervention groups treated by either ontophoresis of the TAP WATER with DC or with pulsed DC. Gravimetric method was also applied to measure the sweating rate at the baseline, 4 days, 1 week, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks after the treatment. Participants’ quality of life was also assessed using the DLQI at baseline and all follow-up time points.Results: Sweating rate significantly reduced during the eight treatment sessions in both intervention groups.The quality of life, too, improved in both intervention groups (P<0.01).Conclusion: The findings of the present study suggest that both continuous and pulsed direct current is effective in the treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis, but IONTOPHORESIS with pulsed direct current has less side effects.

Introduction: Sweating more than body physiological needs is known hyperhidrosis. Idiopathic hyperhidrosis involves 1% of the population. The patient who suffers palm hyperhidrosis encounters social, occupational and psychological problems. The most effective symptomatic treatment in idiopathic palmoplantar hyperhidrosis is TAP WATER IONTOPHORESIS (TWI) on involved areas. There are little studies and wide controversies about lastingness and efficiency of treatmental electrodes in TWI, so evaluation of lastingness and efficiency of treatmental electrodes and side effects is the base of this study.Materials &Methods: 18girls who suffer idiopathic palmar hyperhidrosis are treated ten session every other day so one hand with anodal electrode and the other with cathodal electrode are immersed in WATER containers and direct current is applied at 15 minute with 8-20 mA intensity. Sweating weight of the both hands before, after and two weeks after of treatment in 18 patients and in 32 healthy girls at 10 minutes is measured on the scale of the one thousandth grams.Results: There are significant changes in mean sweating weights of the same hands between healthy and involved groups. There are significant changes in mean sweating weights of the both hands at three evaluation sessions and no significant changes between electrodes at three evaluation sessions. There is no significant changes in mean sweating weight differences of hands at three evaluation sessions and no significant changes between electrodes at three evaluation sessions. The side effects after treatment were hand dryness in 14, burning sensation in 6 and redness in 11 persons that improved spontaneously two weeks after treatment.Conclusion: Both electrodes are effective similarly in TWI on idiopathic palmar hyperhidrosis and them lastingness is lesser than two weeks, also there is probability of the short term and transient side effects occurrence. 1- Increased membrane threshold of sweating cells and 2- alteration physiological responses of the sweating cells are two theories which explain concludes of this study.

Context: Hyperhidrosis is known to cause numerous individual and social problems with sweating more than the body’, s physiological needs. Researchers have discussed the causes of this disease so far,however, factors such as heredity, nervous system defects, infections, and drugs have been introduced as the causes. Evidence Acquisition: Firstly, 127 articles were identifi, ed from diff, erent databases. After categorizing and removing duplicate papers and reviewing the abstracts and full texts, we selected 50 articles to review and include in this study. Results: Hyperhidrosis is a burdening disorder leading to physical and social problems. Hyperhidrosis patients are not able to effi, ciently use specifi, c tools such as metallic and electronic devices. Limitations of this disorder show great concern about the performance of military personnel, too. Therapeutic methods such as topical antiperspirants, anticholinergic drugs, surgery, and Botox injections are the therapeutic measures used to treat this disease,each of these treatments is prescribed at diff, erent stages of the disease, and the eff, ect of each is observed. Topical treatment is at the forefront of treatment methods for this disease, followed by oral anticholinergic drugs. IONTOPHORESIS is one of the methods considered in the treatment of hyperhidrosis. Besides surgery, Botox injection is one of the eff, ective methods in treating this disease, especially in the palm. Conclusions: This review presents standard treatment methods used in treating hyperhidrosis with particular attention to IONTOPHORESIS as an engineering solution to solve health problems. Based on the severity of sweating and the region of hyperhidrosis incidents, there are diff, erent solutions to treat hyperhidrosis. Topical and anticholinergic therapies are the most common treatment options. However, there are other more eff, ective treatment methods, such as IONTOPHORESIS and Botox delivery. IONTOPHORESIS is eff, ective and has a long-term eff, ect on preventing sweating with fewer side eff, ects. Suction curettage surgery is an invasive method to treat patients with hyperhidrosis.

Background and aims: As a result of poor quality of public WATER supply in many countries, people have recently turned to bottled WATER consumption, the fluoride content of which is not generally consistent among different brands. This study sought to measure the fluoride concentration of public WATER supply in comparison with commercial brands of mineral bottled WATER available in Tehran, Iran.Materials and methods: Eight different brands of locally produced bottled mineral WATER and samples of TAP WATER were evaluated for fluoride content. All samples were collected in five equal containers in two summer and winter seasons. The fluoride content in part per million (ppm) was determined using a fluoride Ion Selective Electrode. The data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA. For comparison of the fluoride content between three different brands of bottled WATER, one-way ANOVA was employed. Sample t-test was used to compare the label and laboratory values of bottled WATER.Results: The highest concentration of fluoride in a bottled WATER brand was found to be 0.409 ppm with a pH of 6.67 in summer. There was a significant difference between the mean fluoride level of TAP WATER (0.229±0.079 ppm) and bottled WATER (0.111±0.122 ppm) (P<0.001). The measured fluoride concentrations of bottled WATER were significantly lower than those printed on the labels (P<0.001).Conclusion: Our findings revealed that the mean fluoride level of both bottled and TAP WATER samples evaluated is considerably lower than accepted standards.

Background and Objective: Fungi are widely distributed in nature and they are usually present in attomospher but other sources such as WATER play an important role in their ecology. This study was done to evaluate mycoflora assessment in drinking TAP WATER in Sari, North of Iran. The TAP WATER collected form Sari WATER distribution system for fungi.Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, a volume of 100 ml of TAP drinking WATER samples (n=60) were collected in sterile bottles. All WATER samples passed through sterile 0.45 micrometer filters. The filters were placed directly on Malt extract agar and incubated at 27oC for 3-7 days. Routine mycological techniques were applied to identify the grown fungi.Results: Out of 468 grown fungal colonies, eight different fungal genera were identified. The total mean cfu per 100 ml for the positive samples were 8.4. Aspergillus (37.4%) and Penicillium (27.3%) were the most common isolated fungi. Rhizopus (0.6%) had the lowest frequency. Among Aspergillus species, A. flavus had the highest frequency.Conclusion: Our result showed that various fungi were present in the TAP drinking WATER. We propose fungi should be considered as part of the microbiological analysis parameters in drinking TAP WATER.

Background: It is considered that if radon gas is inhaled and ingested, it is the primary health risks for lung and stomach cancers. This paper presents the measurement results of radon activity concentrations both residential TAP WATER and dam WATER for Kastamonu city Centre-Turkey. Materials and Methods: The radon activity concentrations of WATER samples collected from 60 TAP WATERs at four locations and 12 dam WATER of study area were determined. Radon concentrations were measured using the professional radon monitor AlphaGUARD PQ2000 PRO (Genitron Instruments).Results: The mean value for all residential TAP WATER samples and dam WATER samples were ascertained as 0.050 Bq l-1 and 0.741 Bq l-1, respectively. The annual effective doses were calculated for the inhalation of radon released to air when WATER is used and the ingestion of drinking WATER. The mean values for inhalation and ingestion were found to be 0.1266 mSv y-1 and 0.0105 mSv y-1, respectively. For the radon exposure from ingestion, the annual effective doses were calculated for infants, children, and adults, separately.Conclusion: When the results compared with the internationally recommended safe limits, the TAP WATERs of Kastamonu city Centre is safe for drinking purposes in terms of radon activity concentrations.